Carbon Emissions Report for 2024 in accordance with the GHG Protocol

Definition and Calculation Boundaries:

Direct GHG emissions resulting from the University’s activities are expressed in tonnes of CO₂ equivalent.

Direct GHG emissions (Scope 1):

a) Direct emissions from stationary combustion sources resulting from the combustion of any type of fuel (fossil or biomass) in stationary (non-mobile) equipment such as diesel generators or gas boilers.

b) Direct emissions from mobile combustion sources resulting from fuel combustion in vehicles, such as car or truck engines.

The calculation of Scope 1 direct GHG emissions includes the following types of emission sources:

• Mobile sources (fuel combustion in internal combustion engines of vehicles using gasoline and diesel fuel).

The formula for calculating GHG emissions from mobile fuel combustion is as follows:

GHG Emissions_fuel = Fuel Consumption_fuel × GHG Emission Factor_fuel

Where:

• GHG Emissions_fuel = emissions of a specific GHG by fuel type (tonnes of GHG)

• Fuel Consumption_fuel = amount of fuel burned (tonnes)

• GHG Emission Factor_fuel = Lower Heating Value (LHV) of fuel (TJ/1,000 tonnes of fuel) × GHG emission coefficient by fuel type (kg GHG /TJ) × Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the gas / 1*10⁶. For CO₂, the carbon oxidation factor is assumed to be 1.

GHG emission factors for mobile fuel combustion are based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

The Scope 1 GHG emissions are calculated based on the requirements and principles of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol and are in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

Input data used for GHG emissions calculation:

*LHV values are taken from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 2 “Energy”, Chapter 1.
**GHG emission factors are from IPCC 2006 Guidelines, Vol. 2 “Energy”, Chapters 2 and 3.

To convert CH₄ and N₂O emissions to CO₂-equivalent, multiply emissions by GWP:

• GWP for CH₄ = 27

• GWP for N₂O = 298
  (Source: IPCC Sixth Assessment Report – link)

Calculations:

Fuel Consumption:

• Gasoline: 9 tonnes

• Diesel: 8.2 tonnes

Gasoline:

• CO₂ = 9/1000 × 43.97 × 69.3 = 27.4241 t

• CH₄ = 9/1000 × 43.97 × 0.0038 = 0.001503774 × 27 = 0.04060 t CO₂-eq

• N₂O = 9/1000 × 43.97 × 0.0057 = 0.002255661 × 298 = 0.6721869 t CO₂-eq

Diesel:

• CO₂ = 8.2/1000 × 42.50 × 74.1 = 25.82385 t

• CH₄ = 8.2/1000 × 42.50 × 0.0039 = 0.00135915 × 27 = 0.03669 t CO₂-eq

• N₂O = 8.2/1000 × 42.50 × 0.0039 = 0.00135915 × 298 = 0.4050267 t CO₂-eq

Total for Scope 1: 54.4024536 t CO₂-eq

Indirect Energy-Related GHG Emissions (Scope 2):

a) Indirect emissions from imported electricity, including GHGs associated with its generation and consumption.

b) Indirect emissions from imported thermal energy (steam, heat, cooling, and compressed air), excluding electricity.

The quantitative assessment of Scope 2 emissions is based on the GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

Scope 2 includes emissions from the production of purchased and consumed electricity, steam, heat, or cooling (collectively “energy”).

These emissions are indirect because they result from university operations but originate from facilities not owned by the university (e.g., external power plants).

Scope 2 GHG emissions from electricity consumption are expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent.

The location-based method is used, reflecting average GHG emissions from energy generation facilities in the region.

Kazakhstan GHG emission factors (from benchmark registry):

1. Electricity from coal: 0.985 tCO₂/MWh

2. Electricity from other fuels: 0.621 tCO₂/MWh

3. Heat from coal: 0.484 tCO₂/Gcal

4. Heat from other fuels: 0.310 tCO₂/Gcal

Formulas:

• Electricity emissions = Electricity consumption (kWh) × Emission factor (tCO₂/kWh)

• Heat emissions = Heat consumption (Gcal) × Emission factor (tCO₂/Gcal)

Consumption:

• Electricity = 1,186,890.95 kWh = 1,186.89095 MWh

• Heat = 13,168.1309 Gcal

Emissions:

• Electricity = 1,186.89095 × 0.985 = 1,169.0875 t CO₂-eq

• Heat = 13,168.1309 × 0.484 = 6,373.3753 t CO₂-eq

Total for Scope 2: 7,542.4628 t CO₂-eq

Total GHG Emissions (Scope 1 + Scope 2) = 54.4024536 + 7,542.4628 = 7,596.8653 t CO₂-eq

References:

1. Order of the Minister of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 17, 2023, No. 9. Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan on January 20, 2023, No. 31735.
   Access: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V2300031735

2. Methodological Guidelines for the Calculation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport Enterprises.
   Access: https://bestprofi.com/document/514346199?1

3. ISO 14064-1:2018. Greenhouse gases – Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals.
   Access: https://www.iso.org/standard/66453.html

4. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard.
   Access: https://ghgprotocol.org/corporate-standard

5. GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance: An amendment to the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard.
   Access: https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/standards/Scope%202%20Guidance_Final_0.pdf

6. IPCC Global Warming Potential Values.
   Access: https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/2024-08/Global-Warming-Potential-Values%20%28August%202024%29.pdf

7. GHG Conversion Factors 2024 – Condensed Set for Most Users.
   Access: https://docs.yandex.ru/docs/view?url=ya-browser%3A%2F%2F4DT1uXEPRrJRXlUFoewruBl9jx96lF1dmiFyT6HBvTARwIHP492z8B1xH9Fs1bRw0dhOdsDL9mAI-Q2lolhiYQZP7cqLp1_LdXp4mIPcsvbnBpFReKIkmHKtoXEvLrbmT9-IT6MbeLadhNTneGQDPw%3D%3D%3Fsign%3D4zS-407QCjeO1IN9L7q9G5zS9flT2cQxyfwYsmFrW78%3D&name=ghg-conversion-factors-2024-condensed_set__for_most_users__v1_1.xlsx&nosw=1